Les interfaces forêts-exploitations-marchés pour les produits forestiers non ligneux en Afrique centrale

Les produits forestiers non ligneux offrent de multiples bienfaits en matière de moyens d’existence. Ils sont principalement récoltés dans la nature jusqu'à ce que leur valeur augmente et que leur surexploitation nécessite leur culture. Les marchés ont motivé la culture mais sont également fréquemment négativement associés au maintien des populations d’espèces sauvages. Une transition de la forêt au champs peut maintenir et améliorer les moyens d’existence durables ainsi que contribuer à maintenir les ressources génétiques aidées par une réglementation spécifique aux espèces, les traditions et l’appui à la recherche et des initiatives de développement

Wild plant and animal genetic resources

Wild resources from ecosystems around the globe have been used for millennia to meet people’s basic needs for food, fuel, medicines, tools and materials, and for spiritual and cultural uses. Today, many species are still used for subsistence and as a basis for trade. This chapter provides an introduction to the range of species gathered from forests, shrub and grasslands, fresh water and oceans, and their uses. Two particularities distinguishing wild genetic resources from cultivated ones are discussed: Many wild species are governed as public goods or common property, raising questions about if and how they are managed, and by whom, and how access to, and benefits from, these resources is arranged. How these resources (and the ecosystems which provide them) are governed affects their sustainability. Sustainability also depends on factors such as (a) the abundance of the species from which a product originates; (b) direct anthropogenic factors such as forest degradation, as well as semi-natural ones such as climate change threats; (c) inherent species vulnerability which depends on the part(s) of the organism used; and (d) a species’ tolerance to harvesting. The chapter illustrates how knowledge of these aspects helps our understanding of why and when wild species have been domesticated and also, when resources are sourced only from the wild, the conservation issues which are likely to arise

Exploring gender and forest, tree and agroforestry value chains: Evidence and lessons from a systematic review

This systematic review of literature on gender and value chains of forest, tree and agroforestry (FTA) products examined gender differences and inequalities in FTA value chains, factors that influence these differences, and interventions to foster greater gender equity. There is limited information available on gender in FTA value chains, and a strong bias in the literature towards African countries. Gender differences in participation mainly owe to social-cultural factors, including gendered access rights, and to the physical nature of value chain activities. Cultural norms and overlapping customary and formal regulatory arrangements often position men in more favorable positions than women in FTA value chains. Interventions in FTA value chains largely focus on enhancing women’s participation and benefits, but rarely consider the relationships between men and women. Raising awareness of gender biases, relations and potential trade-offs among those involved in value chains and those supporting inclusive value chain development should accompany technological innovations, and should occur across multiple stages of the value chain

The true Price of Chocolate?

Chocolate prices generally do not incorporate many of the environmental and social externalities, costs which are incurred as the main ingredients such as cocoa and sugar move from farms, to factories to consumers. Nor do prices reflect the benefits of non-conventional production and alternative modes of governing supply chains. Most costs occur at farm level, although manufacturing the ingredients and creating end products such as chocolate bars also brings with costs to nature and society. As corporate and consumer social responsibility has risen up business, political and social agendas, business cases are being made to change the status quo. Prices are starting to reflect economic as well as environmental and social costs. Identifying and agreeing how to measure both costs and benefits can aid decisions about who, where and how such externalities are borne

Climate smartness in agro-food standards

This report contributes to the BO-10-020-003 project 'Aligning good agricultural practices and climate smart agriculture' commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and led by Plant Research International. The aim of this memorandum is to provide insight into the question who determines what is'good' in terms of good agricultural practices (GAP) of agri-food standards. It also assesses the extent towhich climate-smart practices are currently incorporated into good agricultural practices and how these could be further integrated

A fine mess: bricolaged forest governance in Cameroon

Value chains of Cameroonian non-timber forest products move through harvesters, processors and traders, to consumers locally and worldwide. This paper characterises six governance arrangements governing eight such chains: statutory and customary regulations, voluntary market-based systems, international conventions, project-based systems and corruption. Governance is messy with overlapping, multiple layers of institutions and actors. There are voids where no institutions govern access to resources and markets; some actors fulfil roles normally the reserve of the state. In some chains the state performs its duties, in others not, and other institutions fill the gaps. To negotiate this complexity, many actors have become adept 'bricoleurs'. They make the best of the arrangements in which they find themselves, and creatively use capitals available, building on natural capital to construct new governance arrangements and/or remould existing ones to meet their current objectives, circumstances and livelihoods. This 'fine mess' makes examining the impacts on the livelihoods of participants and their sustainability challenging. A measure of governance intensity and extensive fieldwork was thus used. It indicates strong trade-offs between natural, social and economic capital, creating winners and losers. Trade-offs between livelihoods and sustainability are most acute either when there are no governance arrangements; when arrangements do not take account of the susceptibility of a species to harvesting; or when they do not balance supply and demand. Policy challenges and opportunities include recognising and dealing with pluralism; reconciling conflicting rules; hearing the voices of silent actors; learning from failures and raising chain visibility by recognising natural and socio-economic values.ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Perspectives for sustainable Prunus africana production and trade

This brief documents current knowledge about pygeum (Prunus africana). It aims to inform decision makers in governments in producing and consumer countries, international and civil society organisations and researchers, about sustainable (international) trade and governance of the species

Ensuring the future of the pygeum tree (Prunus africana)

This report is aimed at trainers and support organisations for farmers and tree owners, as well as commercial tree nursery operators, government extension agencies and NGOs, among others, who are interested in cultivating the pygeum tree

Integrating ecosystem services into the tropical timber value chain : Dutch policy options from an innovation system approach

This WOt Working document explores the governance options available to the Dutch government for the promotion of the sustainable use and maintenance of ecosystem services in tropical timber value chains with Dutch links and how ecosystem services can be given a more explicit place in the public and market mechanisms that govern the tropical timber chain. This document presents the results of a discourse analysis on how Dutch policies and practice address ecosystem services along with the results of a detailed examination of four specific cases of innovation from within the tropical timber chain: the Sustainable Trade Action Plan (STAP) 2011-2015, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and ForCES certification, the Dutch public procurement policy and the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) initiative. From the discourse analysis this document concludes that the term ecosystem services is not yet clearly defined, a result of its strong link to markets and attempts to define it in terms of economic value. Lessons to be learnt from the analysis of the four innovation cases include the need to simplify what is meant by ecosystem services, the need for evidence of the impact of certification and how it maintains or enhances ecosystem services, the need to work towards a list of internationally agreedupon impact indicators; the need to harmonize the array of certification schemes available and the need to know how the government can mix policy strategies using market based ‘carrots’ and incentive based ‘sticks’ (such as tax incentives and pilots) to stimulate new partnerships. These lessons have resulted in five recommendations for the Dutch government on how to further integrate sustainable use and maintenance of ecosystem services in the tropical timber chain